WNGZWZSS0110€rЧqЧql?џџџџџџџџџџўџџџџџџџџџџџўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ GenevaJЇ% AUTOSAVE.WKZ;… .<)dџџўџўџўџўџўџy2'ўџ :žn€0џџ ”ј@аHФД <џШџШ€џџ№-№,џ№џ№€€@rr$ 6#&-,/314 5 !%2@џlambda@ џPhi@%џflicfac@ џk@ џV@ џKlam@ (џiat@ џeta@џexcess@ џRL@ џt@ џfreq@  џE@ џVd@  џm@ !џrcp@ џџ"џrt@#џRlam@ $џg@ !џFlux@ џџ%џic@ &џia@  'џict@ &)џEs@*џalpha@+џdeltaf@ ,џsigmai@-џsigmat@.џsigmad@"/џsigma@#0џsigmaJ@'1џsigman@ џџ2џsigmav@!$3џsigmaf@ "џџ4џSNR@ #!џTr@ $џTc@ %џAc@ &џC@ 'џEc@(џџ5џsigmadt@)6џthresh@*џKmax@+џLamMax@, џblock@-џџџdetector@.џџџdisplay@/џџџsignal@ 0џџ8џold@1џџ9џcount@Іо jЄC% 1џ@­ќ?ў† 9% 0џ@   1џ@   4џ@Уѕ(\ТХ? ffffffц?40џ@ ,ћG–T/Є<% 1џ@   1џ@  0 0 0 ,0џ@,  * +/% )1, @%@42Р0џ@   0 ,0џ@  -ћG–T/Є<џ@   0 0џ@)  & %0 $0 $0 '2 $,У”ШpА0;%1Р0џ@  0 1џ@№? +№?%1 џ@№?@ 0%1 џ@    0/%0џ@4@,ћG–T/Є<№? .%0 0 0 0Фџ@" @4 @4.Фџ@" @4 @4.Фџ@#  ,@/././%0.џ@  џ@  0џ@5 0%@4 @4. !@4.Фџ@  "џ@%@,зЧ‡ЄфЎ0; #0 0 0Фџ@4@,ћG–T/Є<№? .%0 0 0 0Фџ@   0џ@  (џ@' 0%@4 @4.Фџ@% _DХј… 9,ќЩыB,аcA '1џ@ ! !џ@" ,ћG–T/Є< ,0џ@#  .%0џ@$џџћџ1%@4џ@%џџћџ1%@4џ@&џџћџџџ1%@4џ @ } џџџџGeneva @  џџџџGeneva @  џџџџGeneva @  џџџџџGeneva @  џџџџGeneva @  џџџџџGeneva @ џџ @џџ %(Ќ @ @9  џџSignal voltage џџ Noise voltage џџSNR @0   џџЌ @% B Єџhе ’?%  nаТг’…t@ @  @)   џџNoise budget (volts) @a џџ џџ  џџ flicker noise џџ photon noise џџ dark noise @= 5 B !1„їе1яg?5B @Я€Ld‘?5 B У-йk мw? @= % 0 $@АDiПiš?% 0 %bТI‡—фы?%0 &С`ыг@К? @  @% џџ Monochromatorџџ @ џџ @ џџ @џџ џџ @ƒ џџlambdaЂ‰&šhтr@џџ wavelength, nmџџk"@џџ number of stages @‘ џџPhiB[ЙвяуŠd=џџ radiant flux, wattsџџV‰@џџ total applied voltage, volts @™ џџflicfacB4tEœ@?џџ flicker factor (0-1)џџKlam%B Н…7G\шЧ?џџ quantum efficiency at lambda @j џџEcBЩћж"<џџcathode work function, Joule @z џџdetectorџџ№?џџeta№?џџ collection efficiency @Š џџKmaxа?џџ Max. Klamџџexcessџџ excess noise current, amps @‰ џџLamMaxi@џџMax. wavelengthџџRL@џџџџdЭЭAџџ Load resistance, ohms @… џџblock№?џџ 1=on 0=offџџt№?џџ integration time, sec @o џџTr r@џџ! Temperature (K) of load resistor @n џџTcРr@џџ Temperature (K) of photocathode @b џџAc№?џџ Area of photocathode, cm2 @[ џџCBЂ”mBџџ thermionic constant @6  @6  @~ џџfreq%B™AіZ3 CџџHzџџVd%Žу8Žу8V@џџ voltage per dynode, volts @y џџE%Bn_k}A(<џџJouleџџm%—˜ўЙp Aџџ multiplication factor @Œ! џџFlux%AeH_Юц+Aџџ electrons/secџџrcp%A Оtдg?Aџџ photoelectron emission rate @o" џџrt%@ р…иБг@џџ! cathode thermionic emission rate @y# џџRlam%œ(7PMЇ?џџ) radiant cathode responsivity (amps/watt) @\$ џџg%e.fDu@џџ gain per stage @c% џџic%B"Œѕыъ=џџ cathode photocurrent @\& џџia%BђVyošЇ9>џџ anode photocurrent @e' џџict%B ”_ІЎ(ь<џџ cathode thermionic current @o( џџiat%B ЂЂj…%>џџ anode thermionic (dark) current @`) џџџџEs%C# ћS.Д@џџ signal voltage @k* џџalpha%4М€ге?џџ secondary emission factor @f+ џџdeltaf%р?џџ noise bandwidth, Hz @q, џџsigmai%B=­–žЌВ=џџ photosignal shot noise current @j- џџsigmat%BSЧMŸ™=џџ thermionic shot noise current @e. џџsigmad%BRЧMŸ™=џџ total dark noise current @d/ џџsigma%BvO‰ОГ=џџ total shot noise current @b0 џџsigmaJ%BTTѕнПШ>џџ Johnson noise voltage @`1 џџsigman%BЄџhе ’?џџ total noise voltage @e2 џџsigmav%B T–эb’?џџ total shot noise voltage @b3 џџsigmaf%B1„їе1яg?џџ flicker noise voltage @_4 џџSNR%nаТг’…t@џџ signal-to-noise ratio @e5 џџsigmadt%BУ-йk мw?џџtotal dark noise voltage @i6    џџthresh%  kP!DБ„@џџlong wavelength threshold, nm  @8џџ џџold @9џџ џџ @ @ :џџ €e\НННН.ќіiaќЉёвMbP?:ђe§_SAnode current exceeds 1 mA maximum; phototube may be damaged by excessive current.џ§  џicэЕ їЦА>:ђW§QECathode current exceeds 1 ЕA maximum; phototube may exhibit fatigue.џ§  џlambdathresh:ђ§ € blockџ§  blockџћі§count*@џ countџcount$@9ђX§ џsignal$@:ђ§  џ§ signalџџ§ € countџћќon recalc if ia > .001 put "Anode current exceeds 1 mA maximum; phototube may be damaged by excessive current." into B1 else put " " into B1 end if if ic > .000001 put "Cathode current exceeds 1 ЕA maximum; phototube may exhibit fatigue." into B2 else put " " into B2 end if if lambda > thresh put 0 into block else put 1 into block end if end recalc on idle put count+2 into count if count = 10 recalc range H2 if signal > 10 put 10 into H4 else put signal into H4 end if put 0 into count end if end idle€@JўёA1 џџџџџџџџџџ(€IПџўЮ џџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Geneva @, amplifier  Geneva((€NHjџ   џџџџџџџ?в8џ?в8џ?ў? €G+ТV џџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Geneva@,signal voltage Geneva((€4F€еЋЗ џџџџџџ€8E••[Ћ џџџџџџ€8DППў   џџџџџџ€FCў _ џџџџџџџ?н џ?€ Slider?ъЮў$++++§)$@Sliderх4џPhiџќput 10^ctvalue("Slider",0) into Phiџџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Genevaг›оєІw(Р0РР№?&@ €b=@jaЇџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Genevaћћ@, Photomultiplier simulation (DC system) Select the photomultiplier, load resistor, and integration time from the pop-up menus; change the other variables with the sliders. Table at right shows signal and noise magnitudes and signal-to-noise ratio. Chicago Geneva Geneva Chicago(()*€<Ж €џџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Geneva@,Select detector Geneva((€;uŠЙЄ€џџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Geneva @,Load resistor Geneva((€… PopupMenu:|Џg fѓѓѓѓ§' PopupMenuхџ detectorџdetectorї№?9ђKј§Ш LamMaxџ§а?Kmaxџ§Щћж"<Ecџ§  kџkї@9ђKј§Ш LamMaxџ§а?Kmaxџ§Щћж"<Ecџ§  kџї@9ђKј§ LamMaxџ§š™™™™™Й?Kmaxџ§Юg›т'ь<Ecџ§  kџНї@9ђQј§Ш LamMaxџ§а?Kmaxџ§Щћж"<Ecџ§333333г?kџ`ї@9ђQј§Ш LamMaxџ§р?Kmaxџ§Юg›т'ь<Ecџ§333333г?kџјќput ctvalue("PopupMenu",0) into detector case detector when 1 put 200 into LamMax put .25 into Kmax put 3e-19 into Ec put 9 into k when 2 put 200 into LamMax put .25 into Kmax put 3e-19 into Ec put 13 into k when 3 put 400 into LamMax put .1 into Kmax put 2.7e-19 into Ec put 9 into k when 4 put 200 into LamMax put .25 into Kmax put 3e-19 into Ec put .3 into k when 5 put 200 into LamMax put .5 into Kmax put 2.7e-19 into Ec put .3 into k end caseџџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Chicago Photomultiplier 1 PPhotomultiplier 2 PPhotomultiplier 3P Phototube PSi photodiode S€Slider9ъЮ Г*////§-{ЎGсz„?Sliderх0џ flicfacџќput 0.01*ctvalue("Slider",0) into flicfacџџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Geneva‘…,d! Љ?№?№?№? €Slider8ъаз$$$$$§"Sliderхџ lambdaџќput ctvalue("Slider",0) into lambdaџџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago GenevaЂ‰&šhтr@i@Р’@№?@@ €6v‹Ц џџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Geneva @,Integration time Geneva((€5uŠЙЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Geneva @,Load resistor Geneva((€4‹œœ"  џџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Chicago@,sec. Chicago((€2˜Ъuџџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Symbol @,Phototube temperature, K Geneva((€1–Шъ’џџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Geneva @,PMT applied voltage, Volts Geneva((€20аћ ўџџџџџџџџџџџџџ ChicagoGeneva @,% flicker (100x) GenevaSymbol((€2/Яі"#џџџџџџџџџџџџџ ChicagoSymbol @,Log (F), watts  GenevaSymbol((€+гє­џџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Geneva  @,Wavelength, nm  Geneva((€џSlider)–’I! §SliderхџTcџќput ctvalue("Slider",0) into Tc џџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago GenevaРr@I@Рr@№?@o@€ PopupMenu(‹џЁ *7777§5+$@@ PopupMenuх.4џRLџќput 10^(2+ctvalue("PopupMenu",0)) into RLџџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Chicago 1 Kohm110 Kohm1100 Kohm11 Megohm1 10 Megohm1 100 Megohm1 1000 Megohm 1€@&‹Пй  ,####§! PopupMenuфБџtџќput value(ctstring("PopupMenu",0)) into t џџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Chicago 0.0100.0300.100.301.013.03€ќSlider$– 6§SliderхџVџќput ctvalue("Slider",0) into Vџџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Geneva‰@y@@@№?Р‚@€2€ЊGWџџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Geneva@,voltage supply  Geneva Geneva((€ЊеP  џџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Geneva@,Load resistor, RL  Geneva((€ў@Шџ џџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Geneva@, photomultiplier  Geneva((€U€  џџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Geneva @,monochromator  Geneva((€€Њ 9 џџџџџџџџџџџџџ Chicago Geneva@,Light beam from  Geneva((€@+ъ™њ жлрџџџџџџџџџџ<<€8Пџџџ  џџџџџџ€8Пўџџ  џџџџџџ€">П•x €4ПjxМŠ„"џџџџџџ€<•ъIŒfBБ{џџџџџџŒ „€<UЊ[ŒзСБњџџџџџџџ?„€4@еБмйbНjџџџџџџ€8еџЦЦKjK1џџџџџџ€8ППŒџБВ&<Вџџџџџџ€"Њ•Є5Ќ$’$џ? €8еПFF’$’$џ?џџџџџџ€8ъПџ?Џџ?џ?џџџџџџ€8 ъПЗ ЏЗ џ?џџџџџџ€8 jџkkH2y H2з0џџџџџџ€8 •ў))чзч(/џџџџџџ€8 jеллy Щ+џџџџџџ€8 ++JJ&P&Pџџџџџџ€8++З PЗ Pџџџџџџ€€8џџ5џ’$1&<1џџџџџџ€"ўЊ&<кџ?. €^џџџџџ?џ? џџџџџџ ў?џџў?џў?џ'џ/ў?џ7џ?€€€8џџЭЄ  џџџџџџ€@е@ў€  џџџџџџџџџџ€€џ