American Society of Mechanical Engineers, "MS4 for Transaction Journals," ASME Publications/ASME Author Kit Frames Index, http://www.asme.org/work/frames/frame_pubs_ak.htm (accessed 2 November 1998).
Headings
Headings and subheadings should appear throughout the paper to divide the
subject matter into logical parts and to emphasize the major elements and
considerations. These headings assist the reader in following the trend of
thought and in forming a mental picture of the points of chief importance.
Parts or sections may be numbered, if desired, but paragraphs should not
be numbered.
Tabulations/Enumerations
Where several considerations, conditions, requirements, or other qualifying
items are involved in a presentation, it is often advantageous to put them
in tabular or enumerative form, one after the other, rather than to run them
into the text. This arrangement, in addition to emphasizing the items, creates
a graphic impression that aids the reader in accessing the information and
in forming an overall picture. It is customary to identify the individual
items as (1), (2), (3), etc., or as (a), (b), (c), etc. Although inclusion
of such elements makes the text livelier, care should be taken not to use
this scheme too frequently, as it can make the reading choppy and invalidate
their purpose and usefulness.
Mathematics
Equations should be numbered consecutively beginning with (1) to the end
of the paper, including any appendices. The number should be enclosed in
parentheses (as shown above) and set flush right in the column on the same
line as the equation. It is this number that should be used when referring
to equations within the text.
Equations should be referenced within the text as "Eq. (x)." When the reference to an equation begins a sentence, it should be spelled out, e.g., "Equation (x)."
Formulas and equations should be created to clearly distinguish capital letters from lowercase letters. Care should be taken to avoid confusion between the lowercase "l"(el) and the numeral one, or between zero and the lowercase "o." All subscripts, superscripts, Greek letters, and other symbols should be clearly indicated.
In all mathematical expressions and analyses, any symbols (and the units in which they are measured) not previously defined in nomenclature should be explained. If the paper is highly mathematical in nature, it may be advisable to develop equations and formulas in appendices rather than in the body of the paper.
Figures
All figures (graphs, line drawings, photographs, etc.) should be numbered
consecutively and have a caption consisting of the figure number and a brief
title or description of the figure. This number should be used when referring
to the figure in text. Figures should be referenced within the text as "Fig.
1." When the reference to a figure begins a sentence, the abbreviation "Fig."
should be spelled out, e.g., "Figure 1."
Tables
All tables should be numbered consecutively and have a caption consisting
of the table number and a brief title. This number should be used when referring
to the table in text.
Tables may be inserted as part of the text, or included on a separate page immediately following or as close as possible to its first reference — with the exception of those tables included at the end of the paper as an appendix.
References
Text Citation. Within the text, references should be cited by giving the
last name of the author(s) and the year of publication of the reference.
The year should always be enclosed in parentheses; whether or not the name
of the author(s) should be enclosed within the parentheses depends on the
context. The two possibilities are illustrated below.
It was shown by Prusa (1983) that the width of the plume decreases under these conditions.
or
It has been shown that the width of the plume decreases under these conditions (Prusa, 1983).
In the case of two authors, the last names of both authors should be included in the citation, as shown in the above examples, with the word ''and'' separating the two authors.
In the case of three or more authors, only the last name of the first author of the reference should be included, as shown in the above examples, with the other authors being denoted by ''et al.''
In the case of two or more references with the same author(s) and with the same year of publication, the references should be distinguished in the text by appending a lowercase letter ''a'' to the year of publication of the first cited, a letter ''b'' to the second cited, etc. The references should follow the examples shown above.
List of References. References to original sources for cited material should be listed together at the end of the paper; footnotes should not be used for this purpose. References should be arranged in alphabetical order according to the last name of the author, or the last name of the first-named author for papers with more than one author. Each reference should include the last name of each author followed by his initials.
(1) Reference to journal articles, papers in conference proceedings,
or any other collection of works by numerous authors should include:
· year of publication
· full title of the cited article
· full name of the publication in which it appeared
· volume number (if any)
· inclusive page numbers of the cited article
(2) Reference to textbooks, monographs, theses, and technical reports
should include:
· year of publication
· full title of the publication
· publisher
· city of publication
· inclusive page numbers of the work being cited
In all cases, titles of books, periodicals, and conference proceedings should be underlined or in italics. A sample list of references in which these forms are illustrated follows.
Sample References
Kwon, O. K., and Pletcher, R. H., 1981, ''Prediction of the Incompressible
Flow Over a Rearward-Facing Step,'' Technical Report HTL-26, CFD-4, Iowa
State Univ., Ames, IA.
Lee, Y., Korpela, S. A., and Horne, R. N., 1982, ''Structure of Multi-Cellular Natural Convection in a Tall Vertical Annulus,'' Proceedings, 7th International Heat Transfer Conference, U. Grigul et al., eds., Hemisphere Publishing Corp., Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, pp. 221-226.
Sparrow, E. M., 1980a, ''Fluid-to-Fluid Conjugate Heat Transfer for a Vertical Pipe — Internal Forced Convection and External Natural Convection,'' ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 102, pp. 402–407.
Sparrow, E. M., 1980b, ''Forced-Convection Heat Transfer in a Duct Having Spanwise-Periodic Rectangular Protuberances,'' Numerical Heat Transfer, Vol. 3, pp. 149–167.
Tung, C. Y., 1982, ''Evaporative Heat Transfer in the Contact Line of a Mixture,'' Ph.D. thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.